Ethereum is at the moment reporting its highest each day community development in historical past. This can be a statistical spike that ostensibly represents a major rebound in person exercise.
Over the previous week, Ethereum’s mainnet processed 2.9 million transactions, an all-time excessive, in response to information from Token Terminal.
This exercise led to a pointy enhance in each day energetic addresses, from about 600,000 in late December to about 1.3 million.
Importantly, this throughput explosion occurred whereas transaction prices remained negligible. Regardless of document demand, common transaction charges stay within the “penny” vary of $0.10 to $0.20.
For a community whose charges have traditionally soared between $50 and $200 in the course of the 2021-2022 NFT growth, this meant a basic shift in financial entry.
Nevertheless, forensic evaluation means that this enhance shouldn’t be completely natural. Whereas superficial indicators level to a return to the bull market, safety researchers warn that a good portion of this visitors is being pushed by malicious actors.
These attackers are exploiting the community’s newly diminished charges to launch industrial-scale “tackle poisoning” campaigns, concentrating on customers with automated scams disguised as professional exercise.
Scaling context
To know the sudden spike in quantity, we have to have a look at latest structural adjustments to the Ethereum protocol. For a few years, the community was highly effective however uneconomical for most individuals.
Leon Weidman, head of analysis on the Onchain Basis, identified that since getting into the cryptocurrency house, Ethereum’s mainnet charges have merely been too excessive for the typical person.
He identified that the community is just too costly for retailers, too costly for frequent use, and too costly for constructing consumer-scale apps.
Nevertheless, issues modified a couple of 12 months in the past as Ethereum builders systematically expanded the community whereas trying to decentralize and shield its safety.
This resulted in three main protocol upgrades that transfer the roadmap ahead.
The primary was the Pectra improve in Could 2025, which elevated blob capability by rising the goal blobs per block from 3 to six and the utmost from 6 to 9. This successfully doubled the anticipated BLOB throughput.
This was adopted by a “Fusaka” community improve in December 2025, delivery Peer Knowledge Availability Sampling (PeerDAS). This allowed validators to validate blob availability by sampling quite than downloading your entire dataset, permitting for larger throughput whereas maintaining node necessities cheap.
Most just lately, the Blob Parameters Solely (BPO) fork in January 2026 elevated the blob goal from 10 to 14 and the utmost to 21. These sensible updates have been designed to unencumber important capability for the blockchain community.
The economics of those upgrades shortly grew to become obvious because the community’s mainnet charges dropped considerably and easy transactions grew to become low-cost once more.
Waidmann identified that constructing instantly on high of Layer 1 has turn into viable at scale, prompting prediction markets, real-world property, and funds to return to mainnet.
On the similar time, stablecoin transfers on the community reached roughly $8 trillion within the fourth quarter.
Ethereum recording exercise shouldn’t be including worth
Whereas document exercise exhibits indicators of blockchain dominance, on-chain information suggests these actions will not be including actual worth to the community.
Knowledge from Alhpractal exhibits that the Metcalfe ratio, which compares market capitalization to the sq. of the variety of energetic customers, has declined. This means that evaluations haven’t stored tempo with precise community deployments.
Moreover, Ethereum’s adoption rating is at the moment at degree 1, the bottom degree in its historic vary. This displays decrease valuations and a cooling market relative to on-chain exercise.
With this in thoughts, Matthias Seidl, co-founder of GrowThePie, advised that the community’s enhance in exercise will not be natural.
He gave an instance of a single tackle receiving 190,000 native ETH transfers from 190,000 distinctive wallets in a single day.
Seidl identified that whereas the variety of wallets receiving native transfers has remained comparatively steady, the variety of wallets sending native transfers has elevated considerably (doubling). He highlighted that many native transfers (vanilla ETH sending) solely use 21,000 gasoline, making it the most cost effective type of EVM transaction.
These now account for nearly 50% of all transactions. By comparability, sending an ERC20 token prices round 65,000 gasoline, and one stablecoin switch requires the identical quantity of gasoline as three native ETH transfers.
Hooked on addresses?
In the meantime, it has been advised that Ethereum’s latest surge in on-chain exercise will be traced again to outdated scams that have been repackaged for an period of decrease charges.
Safety researcher Andrey Sergeenkov famous that since December, a sequence of tackle poisoning campaigns have exploited low gasoline prices to inflate community metrics whereas seeding transaction historical past with related addresses aimed toward tricking customers into transferring actual funds to attackers.
The mechanics of those assaults are easy. Scammers generate a “poisoning” tackle that resembles the goal’s professional pockets tackle by matching the primary and final characters. After the sufferer completes a standard switch, the attacker sends a small “mud” transaction to the sufferer, inflicting the spoofed tackle to look of their latest historical past.
Maybe the person will later copy a well-recognized tackle from the exercise feed with out checking the total string.
With this in thoughts, Sergenkov ties the proliferation of recent Ethereum addresses to that playbook. He estimates that new tackle creation is about 2.7 instances the 2025 common, peaking at about 2.7 million new addresses within the week of January twelfth.
He broke down the dynamics behind the expansion and concluded that round 80% is pushed by stablecoin exercise quite than intrinsic person demand.
To check whether or not this appeared like poisoning, Sergenkov appeared for telltale signatures, addresses that acquired stablecoin transfers of lower than $1 as the primary interplay.
By his calculations, 67% of recent addresses match that sample. In absolute phrases, we discovered that 3.86 million addresses out of 5.78 million addresses acquired “mud” as their first stablecoin transaction.
He then narrowed his search to senders, concentrating on accounts that transferred lower than $1 in USDT and USDC between December 15, 2025 and January 18, 2026.
Sergeenkov counted distinctive recipients for every sender and filtered out recipients who delivered to at the least 10,000 addresses. What has emerged, he mentioned, are sensible contracts designed to industrialize campaigns. These are codes that may fund and reconcile a whole lot of poisoning addresses in a single transaction.
One of many contracts he reviewed included a characteristic labeled “fundPoisoners,” which he described as distributing small quantities of ETH for stablecoin mud and gasoline to giant quantities of poisoning addresses directly.
These addresses then unfold and ship mud to tens of millions of potential targets creating deceptive entries of their pockets transaction historical past.
This mannequin is scale-dependent as a result of most recipients won’t ever be fooled by it, however the economics will work if solely a small fraction are fooled by it.
Sergeenkov places the efficient conversion fee at round 0.01%, suggesting that the enterprise is constructed to tolerate excessive failure charges. Within the dataset he analyzed, 116 victims collectively misplaced roughly $740,000, with one loss totaling $509,000.
Traditionally, gate parts have been prices. Tackle poisoning includes tens of millions of on-chain transactions that don’t instantly generate income except the sufferer by accident transfers funds.
Sergenkov argues that Ethereum’s community charges made it tough to justify a high-volume sending technique till late 2025. However with transaction prices about six instances decrease, the risk-reward calculus all of a sudden shifted within the attacker’s favor.
With this in thoughts, Sergenkov argued that increasing Ethereum’s throughput with out rising safety on the person aspect has created an setting the place “recording” exercise is indistinguishable from automated abuse.
In his view, the business’s obsession with headline community metrics dangers obscuring the darkish actuality that cheaper blockspace will simply subsidize mass-market scams as professional adoption, with retail customers bearing the brunt of the losses.